The reduces the requirement for recycle pumping to achieve total nitrogen (TN) removal.ДЇig. 3), ammonia can be nitrified under aerobic conditions in the biofilm and nitrate reduced to nitrogen gas under the anoxic conditions of the suspended biomass in the bulk of the anoxic tank. By installing the membrane cassettes in the anoxic zone of an activated sludge system (Fig. This distinguishes the MABR biochemistry from the co-diffusional biofilms associated with a conventional fixed-film process.ДЄs a direct result of this biofilm structure, simultaneous nitrification and denitrification is provided within the dual-layer biofilm. As a result, the inner biofilm is enriched in nitrifiers. Since the ammonia molecule is smaller than the predominantly macromolecular organic matter making up the COD, it diffuses more rapidly through the anoxic layer to the aerobic region. To reach the O 2, a molecule of ammonia or COD must first diffuse through the biofilm from the opposite side (Fig. The process also offers greater robustness to high C:N ratios, attributable to the counter-diffusional nature of the biofilm. Since the biomass is concentrated and attached to the membrane, the reactor volume can be commensurately reduced for a given suspended solids concentration without compromising biological performance. intensification through concentration of the active microbiology (or biomass), and the nitrifiers in particular, in the biofilm, which then permits more effective nitrification. process control with respect to the rate of oxygen transfer into the biofilm, which increases the oxygen transfer efficiency to around 3.6вЂ“4.0 kgO 2 per kWh, and However, unlike other fixed film processes, the membrane both increases the overall energy efficiency of oxygen delivery to the biofilm and also adds an extra element of: In this respect, an MABR has more in common with other biological fixed-film media processes, like the integrated fixed-film activated sludge process (IFAS) or the moving bed bioreactor (MBBR). It effectively increases the volume concentration of these bacteria by creating favorable conditions for their growth. The promotion of the growth of nitrifiers in the aerobic region (point #2) provides a second key advantage over suspended growth and conventional biofilm processes. The ZeeLung MABR cord and filaments, with the passage of oxygen and air illustrated

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